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淺析景觀工程施工過程中的管理要點

2084 2022-03-31 11:28:51

隨著(zhu)城市地(di)價(jia)的(de)日(ri)益(yi)走高(gao),房地(di)產(chan)由成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)型(xing)(成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)加利潤)逐步向產(chan)品(pin)型(xing)(高(gao)附加值(zhi))的(de)轉變,剛需住(zhu)(zhu)宅逐步升(sheng)級為改善(shan)型(xing)住(zhu)(zhu)宅。景(jing)觀(guan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作為建筑(zhu)物重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)和第一觀(guan)感,直接影響(xiang)著(zhu)建筑(zhu)的(de)定(ding)位品(pin)質,房產(chan)的(de)增值(zhi)保值(zhi),并(bing)直接左右著(zhu)住(zhu)(zhu)戶(hu)入住(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)身心(xin)體驗。當(dang)前(qian)市場各大地(di)產(chan)公司特別注重(zhong)景(jing)觀(guan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),尤其是以龍湖、綠(lv)城等(deng)為代(dai)表的(de)公司,在景(jing)觀(guan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上的(de)設計(ji)、投入、管理日(ri)益(yi)增加。現筆者(zhe)簡(jian)要(yao)的(de)從施工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),對相應管控要(yao)點(dian)做簡(jian)要(yao)分析:  

淺析景觀工程施工過程中的管理要點

首先從管理架構上,因為(wei)(wei)涉及到較大專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)性,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中,目前(qian)市場(chang)主流(liu)公司一般均配備(bei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)景(jing)觀工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師。對于體量較小(xiao)的(de)(de)單(dan)體建(jian)筑(zhu),設計(ji)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)可由一人兼(jian)任。較大體量的(de)(de),除各自配備(bei)設計(ji)和(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員外,還(huan)需要專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)機電人員予以協助。因為(wei)(wei)當前(qian)的(de)(de)景(jing)觀工(gong)(gong)(gong)程涉及較多的(de)(de)燈具、噴(pen)泉、水景(jing)等專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)性較強的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程。  
設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)審圖上要嚴(yan)格注(zhu)意設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的可行性(xing)和(he)協調性(xing),建(jian)議景(jing)(jing)觀工(gong)程師提前(qian)介入(ru)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji),深入(ru)理(li)解設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)意圖和(he)效(xiao)果。同時(shi)對(dui)(dui)城市(shi)各(ge)CBD或重要區(qu)域,政(zheng)府(fu)對(dui)(dui)景(jing)(jing)觀設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)選材(cai)也有(you)相應(ying)規定,一般會(hui)有(you)相應(ying)的設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)導則出臺。因(yin)為后(hou)期管養時(shi),涉(she)及到(dao)紅(hong)線外的維修更(geng)換多由政(zheng)府(fu)市(shi)政(zheng)設(she)(she)(she)施部門負責,政(zheng)府(fu)部門要考慮材(cai)料的采購(gou)便捷性(xing),故在紅(hong)線交接(jie)處,主管單位會(hui)限定兩三種石(shi)材(cai);對(dui)(dui)于道(dao)口部位建(jian)議采用瀝(li)青,而不(bu)建(jian)議采用石(shi)材(cai)。欄(lan)桿(gan)、路燈等也需要采用常規型式,便于后(hou)期更(geng)換維護。在紅(hong)線內(nei)外道(dao)路施工(gong),要注(zhu)意了解相關規范(fan)(fan),比(bi)如盲道(dao)磚的形式、起伏坡度、路牙石(shi)臺階收口、路障(zhang)設(she)(she)(she)置選型等,做到(dao)滿(man)足規范(fan)(fan),和(he)諧(xie)統一。  
重視施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術交(jiao)底(di):在充(chong)分了解(jie)(jie)了設計意圖后(hou),下一(yi)步即為向施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位交(jiao)底(di)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位應充(chong)分理解(jie)(jie)圖紙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang),同時(shi)可進一(yi)步借助結合相(xiang)關圖片(pian)(效果圖、影像資料等)深(shen)入理解(jie)(jie)。必(bi)要時(shi)候,可先行(xing)打(da)樣,待確(que)認后(hou)再行(xing)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong),比如筆者(zhe)在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)種異形弧形石(shi)材坐凳時(shi)候,就(jiu)要求(qiu)先行(xing)加工(gong)(gong)1:10的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)坐凳模型后(hou)再行(xing)加工(gong)(gong)。景(jing)觀工(gong)(gong)程師和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位提出對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管控(kong)辦法(fa)、難點及(ji)解(jie)(jie)決措施(shi)(shi),特殊工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)辦法(fa)則需采(cai)用照片(pian)、DV拍(pai)攝過程、或草圖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)展(zhan)現;苗(miao)木品(pin)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分級控(kong)制\明(ming)確(que)灌木地被的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)標準。  
進度管(guan)理上:景(jing)(jing)觀工(gong)程(cheng)位于(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)后期,處在整(zheng)個工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵節點上,故對工(gong)期的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求十分緊(jin)迫,且喬木(mu)灌木(mu)等植(zhi)物還有季節性要(yao)求,同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還要(yao)充分考(kao)慮市政管(guan)線的(de)(de)(de)交叉施工(gong),對進度和質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。所以在施工(gong)前期就要(yao)做好相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理策劃(hua),做好:外(wai)架拆(chai)除時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)\防水施工(gong)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(景(jing)(jing)觀在此階段(duan)應明確建筑(zhu)物周邊(bian)防水的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成高度問題)\土方回填的(de)(de)(de)開工(gong)及(ji)完(wan)(wan)(wan)工(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)\總平管(guan)網(含水、電、氣、網通)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)開放(fang)完(wan)(wan)(wan)工(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)\外(wai)墻(qiang)清洗完(wan)(wan)(wan)成時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian),確定景(jing)(jing)觀進場的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)段(duan)及(ji)進場后的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)計(ji)劃(hua)。  
從質量管(guan)控上分析:  
首先要會(hui)同(tong)市政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)部門(men)做(zuo)好地下管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)調查確認(ren),明確相(xiang)關規范(fan),如(ru)喬(qiao)木距離(li)煤氣距離(li),強電(dian)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)上方構筑物(wu)的避(bi)讓等等。同(tong)時和(he)雨水(shui)、污水(shui)施工(gong)單位做(zuo)好前期溝通,書(shu)面上確定(ding)并移交相(xiang)應(ying)標(biao)高(gao),避(bi)免(mian)管(guan)(guan)井(jing)井(jing)蓋標(biao)高(gao)與景觀道路(lu)、場地等不一致。  
硬景工(gong)(gong)程中注意要(yao)(yao)點,首先注意選材(cai)定樣,如石材(cai)品(pin)種要(yao)(yao)便于(yu)采(cai)購,加工(gong)(gong)尺寸圖紙要(yao)(yao)詳細周(zhou)密,對(dui)于(yu)異形、弧(hu)線、亂拼石材(cai)要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)好相應的放樣,甚(shen)或(huo)在地上采(cai)用(yong)(yong)彩繪布(bu)預鋪(pu),根(gen)據效果圖放樣、分割后,再根(gen)據布(bu)片下料。對(dui)于(yu)轉交部(bu)位(wei),避(bi)免采(cai)用(yong)(yong)灑灰線,可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)柔性PVC管彎(wan)弧(hu)作為定位(wei)。  
石材鋪(pu)(pu)貼(tie)(tie)前一定要(yao)做好相關(guan)管線工作的(de)預埋(mai),避(bi)免(mian)局(ju)部(bu)返(fan)工,除雨污(wu)電煤之(zhi)外,還(huan)要(yao)考慮過路音響線、節日掛樹燈、指示標(biao)牌等,局(ju)部(bu)部(bu)位可(ke)預留PVC管線以(yi)避(bi)免(mian)后(hou)期拆裝(zhuang)。鋪(pu)(pu)貼(tie)(tie)后(hou)要(yao)做好成品保護工作,可(ke)采用拉警示帶、封閉場地、上鋪(pu)(pu)蓋模板保護等措施。  
對于窨井(jing)部(bu)位尤其(qi)需(xu)要重視,其(qi)上部(bu)石材極易碎裂,做化妝(zhuang)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)時候(hou),在石材下部(bu)做好(hao)鍍鋅鋼板(ban)(ban)(ban)或(huo)鋼筋混凝土(tu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)。化妝(zhuang)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)可采(cai)用隱蔽式(shi)開啟,或(huo)不(bu)銹鋼邊框型式(shi)。不(bu)銹鋼邊框周圍可采(cai)用耐候(hou)膠美化,但不(bu)可黏貼蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)板(ban)(ban)(ban),以免影響后期開啟檢修。  
在軟景綠(lv)化工(gong)(gong)程中,喬(qiao)木(mu)(mu)選型要(yao)景觀(guan)工(gong)(gong)程師(shi)會同設計(ji)、施工(gong)(gong)單位一起看(kan)苗木(mu)(mu)、訂貨(huo),確保常(chang)用喬(qiao)木(mu)(mu)樹干挺直(zhi),樹冠(guan)飽(bao)滿。看(kan)苗時(shi)候(hou)可做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)相關記號(hao)和影(ying)像資料,確保進場喬(qiao)木(mu)(mu)為所選用。種(zhong)植(zhi)時(shi)候(hou)要(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)標高控制,是(shi)否成排(pai)定(ding)位,對(dui)(dui)于(yu)部(bu)分(fen)喬(qiao)木(mu)(mu),移(yi)植(zhi)前后南北對(dui)(dui)應。種(zhong)植(zhi)后要(yao)有(you)(you)專人(ren)養護,做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)水位觀(guan)察管,避免(mian)旱澇(lao)影(ying)響(xiang)成活率。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)喬(qiao)木(mu)(mu)根部(bu)鋪貼松樹皮美化,應才用有(you)(you)規律的鋪貼,盡量避免(mian)胡亂(luan)堆砌。喬(qiao)木(mu)(mu)種(zhong)植(zhi)后,盡量避免(mian)纏繞彩燈(deng),一是(shi)纏繞過程中,容易(yi)對(dui)(dui)喬(qiao)木(mu)(mu)根系造(zao)成振動;二是(shi)燈(deng)光影(ying)響(xiang)喬(qiao)木(mu)(mu)正常(chang)的生長習性,兩者均對(dui)(dui)植(zhi)物的正常(chang)成活生長有(you)(you)不(bu)利影(ying)響(xiang)。  
對于植草磚(zhuan),磚(zhuan)內種(zhong)植土(tu)有(you)一定的(de)厚度(10 公分以(yi)上),種(zhong)植土(tu)下有(you)濾水(shui)層(ceng),大雨后積水(shui)能夠可靠(kao)排出,且養護需要比正常(chang)的(de)草坪更加精(jing)細(xi)。  
在水景(jing)噴泉(quan)等專業性較(jiao)強的(de)工程(cheng),要請機電人員協助審圖和(he)管理,做(zuo)好水景(jing)機房的(de)規(gui)劃定位,充分考(kao)慮溢(yi)水、回(hui)水,保(bao)不(bu)要水漫機房,產生較(jiao)大安(an)全影響事(shi)件。對(dui)于噴泉(quan)工程(cheng),要做(zuo)好相應編程(cheng),做(zuo)好噴泉(quan)動態(tai)模擬動畫;當水景(jing)較(jiao)多時候,對(dui)于各控制(zhi)箱做(zuo)好定位并編號,便(bian)于后期管理。當控制(zhi)箱較(jiao)大時候,可采(cai)用外部美化遮蔽等手法(fa),以利整體景(jing)觀(guan)和(he)諧(xie)統一。  
對于(yu)重要工(gong)序可(ke)設置(zhi)相(xiang)關停歇檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)點,如微地形施(shi)工(gong)、硬景鋪裝樣板試貼、骨架喬木栽植(zhi)(至(zhi)少70%)、灌木地被(bei)樣板栽植(zhi)達到(dao)70%-80%、細部收口及飾(shi)品擺放期間、景觀大面積施(shi)工(gong)完成等時點。在(zai)以(yi)上各工(gong)序檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)點,待設計、監(jian)理和景觀工(gong)程師認可(ke)后方可(ke)進(jin)行下一(yi)步(bu)工(gong)序。  
除以上(shang)工(gong)程(cheng)工(gong)作(zuo)以外,還要(yao)做(zuo)好相應的(de)指(zhi)示(shi)標牌工(gong)作(zuo),尤其在河岸邊做(zuo)好警示(shi)標牌,配置(zhi)安全救生設備(bei);對(dui)路燈,提(ti)前(qian)會同設計,考慮廣告懸掛,監控(kong)安裝(zhuang)等工(gong)作(zuo)。  
所謂(wei)景觀工程(cheng),維保工作(zuo)尤為(wei)重要(yao),故在工程(cheng)完工后一兩個月內要(yao)經(jing)常巡視, ; 
同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)暴雨(yu)后,嚴寒天氣后等(deng)做好專項巡(xun)視,注意(yi)(yi)機電(dian)設(she)備是(shi)否運行(xing)正常,排水(shui)溝是(shi)否暢通、道(dao)路和(he)植被是(shi)否有積水(shui)等(deng)。在(zai)道(dao)路工程中,注意(yi)(yi)鋪(pu)貼石材(cai)是(shi)否起伏、碎裂(lie)、窨(yin)井(jing)部位石材(cai)碎裂(lie)等(deng),要及(ji)時(shi)做好維修(xiu),確(que)保相(xiang)應(ying)品(pin)質。  
筆者(zhe)從事建(jian)筑工程管理(li)工作,在上(shang)一個工程中,同(tong)時兼顧景觀施工,以(yi)上(shang)均(jun)  
為實際工程中(zhong)總結(jie)出(chu)來的(de)經驗,也有走過(guo)的(de)彎路,故在此做一總結(jie)記(ji)錄,也與各位分享,一家之言,歡(huan)迎指正。